Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by developmentally inappropriate and impairing levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5–10% of children and 2–5% of adults, with recognition in adults increasing significantly over the past two decades. ADHD arises from dysregulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and striatum — brain regions governing executive function, attention regulation, impulse control, and working memory.
Pharmacological treatment dramatically improves functional outcomes in most patients with ADHD. Stimulant medications — methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) and amphetamine salts (Adderall, Vyvanse) — are Schedule II controlled substances and first-line treatment. They increase dopamine and noradrenaline availability in prefrontal synapses by blocking reuptake transporters (methylphenidate) or promoting release and blocking reuptake (amphetamines). Non-stimulant medications — atomoxetine (Strattera), guanfacine (Intuniv), clonidine (Kapvay), and viloxazine (Qelbree) — are alternatives for patients who cannot tolerate stimulants, have comorbid substance use disorder, have cardiac contraindications to stimulants, or prefer a non-scheduled medication. Non-stimulants have slower onset of benefit (4–8 weeks) compared to stimulants (same day).
ADHD Medications Available at Lucas Clinic
- Strattera (Atomoxetine) — non-stimulant selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; not scheduled; takes 4–8 weeks; 10–100 mg capsules; for adults and children ≥6 years
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