This section covers prescription and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications used to manage pain from arthritis, musculoskeletal injury, post-operative inflammation, and acute conditions. The principal drug classes covered are NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and the subclass COX-2 selective inhibitors.
NSAID Drug Classes
Non-selective NSAIDs — block both COX-1 and COX-2 cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis site-wide. Examples: ibuprofen (Motrin), diclofenac (Voltaren), etodolac, ketorolac (Toradol). Effective for pain and inflammation but carry GI and cardiovascular risks with prolonged use.
COX-2 selective inhibitors — target only the COX-2 isoform, sparing gastric-protective COX-1 prostaglandins. Celecoxib (Celebrex) is the primary representative; preferred for patients with history of GI ulcers who require NSAID therapy.
Topical NSAIDs — diclofenac is also available as a gel (Voltaren Gel), providing local anti-inflammatory action with minimal systemic absorption.
Medicines Covered
- Celebrex (Celecoxib) — COX-2 inhibitor capsules for arthritis and acute pain
- Etodolac — NSAID tablets for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
- Motrin (Ibuprofen) — OTC/Rx NSAID tablets for pain and fever
- Toradol (Ketorolac) — short-term Rx NSAID tablets for acute moderate-severe pain
- Voltaren (Diclofenac) — NSAID tablets and topical gel for arthritis and inflammation
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